I would not recommend using a shipping container (in the military, referred to as a “milvan,” or by the civilian term “conex”) to construct a shelter of any type. I saw this done in two different ways during my last tour in Iraq, and both had major faults. These methods were used, despite the faults, due to the benefit of expediency. Both were quick to construct to provide some protection, but they didn’t last long.
1. Above Ground: In this method, a milvan is simply set on a level piece of ground, and dirt and sand are piled on three sides and on top of the milvan. Since dirt and sand were easy to come buy (just dig it up on one side of the FOB), it wasn’t much of an issue. The goal was to end up with at least three feet of sand/dirt on top of the milvan. (A typical “scud bunker” standard was to have at least two layers of sand bags on top of an eight inch reinforced concrete shelter template. Since there was no concrete understructure, you have to compensate by adding more sand/dirt.). Alternately, a milvan was surrounded by filled “Hesco” Barriers, and small filled “Hesco’s” or filled sandbags were placed on top. Afterward, a concrete T-Wall, a section of “Hesco” Barrier, or a mound of dirt/sand was placed in front of the door to provide front cover. This method was quick to finish, but had draw backs. First, there was no ventilation or drainage except for the door. So if any water got in the container, it was hard to get out, and would grow mold and mildew. The lack of ventilation made the container feel claustrophobic and was very hot in the summer. However, the biggest drawback was the sand/dirt pile. After a short while, gravity, wind erosion, and water erosion would make the layer of dirt on the top thin out, and eventually slide outwards, creating an unprotected ring around the top of the container, and an under protected ceiling. Obviously, for this to remain a viable shelter, it required a lot of maintenance.
2. Below Ground: This method is pretty self explanatory. Dig hole, insert container, cover with dirt you excavated for the hole. Top cover should end up being at least three feet thick, with the top of the container being at least one foot below ground level. This method shares the same disadvantage that the top cover eventually would erode away, but was easier to maintain – just dump more dirt on top and spread around. However, the front cover was the biggest problem. If nothing was placed in front of the edge of the top of the container, dirt would erode away, creating an unprotected shelf, and the dirt would pile up in front of the door, preventing it from either opening or closing. To prevent this, some 2 x 4’s were set in the ground to create a lip. Also, you have to create a ramp or steps from ground level down to the doors. These were usually just some rigged 2 x 4 set up. The biggest detriments, however, again, were lack of ventilation and drainage. Being buried, the containers tended to retain water during the rainy season. Also, the buried containers were more likely to rust. Eventually, the ceilings would weaken and begin to sag. This obviously would indicate a lack of strength and protection.
Ironically, the impetus to have these “bunkers” removed was fiscal. The U.S. Army doesn’t actually own that many milvans. Most in the Army inventory are long term leases, and the Army needed the containers back, because they paying late fees for them.
Hope this entirely too long post helps yall out some.